Choosing Good Good College Persuasive Essay Topics

Choosing Good Good College Persuasive Essay Topics Ok, I Think I Understand Good College Persuasive Essay Topics, Now Tell Me About Good College Persuasive Essay Topics! A thesis statement comes from the new details that you bring in the essay. Argumentative research papers require a bit of structure, unlike the typical essays. If you're really interested in understanding how to compose a great essay, you need to go through these tips. Even when you're expected to compose an informal essay, adding facts from credible sources will allow you to provide strong arguments to back up your opinion. During the duration of your academic life, more times than not, you will need to deliver one or more persuasive speeches. Undoubtedly, picking out the ideal persuasive speech topics for 2019 is a significant part delivering an A1 speech. Essays are sometimes a challenging assignment for many students. Persuasive essays are typical assignments in a variety of classes, including history c ourses. Picking excellent research paper topic ideas comes from a suitable comprehension of a person's surroundings. When you get a good narrative, search for the facts that strengthen your arguments. Hence, lots of people often occupy argumentative research paper topics. The War Against Good College Persuasive Essay Topics To put it differently, you're anything but alone. On the flip side, old topics that have been read and written on by millions, won't ever catch any attention. Since you can already see from the last answers there is not likely to be agreement about what's right for you to do. Irrespective of how much you'll be taking that day, there are a few ways that will allow you to get through the essay with a minimal quantity of stress. The New Angle On Good College Persuasive Essay Topics Just Released A vital strategy in the college placement exam essay is to take whole benefit of all of the time that's allotted. In addition, the capability to deliver persua sive speeches will be an asset to each student when earning a living. The aim of the admission essay is to provide you with a chance to write about something which will allow you to stick out among the group of students applying to a specific college. Thus it is normal for most students to feel as though they need to restate thesis ultimately, and we've got the best solution for it. Want to Know More About Good College Persuasive Essay Topics? Your persuasive essay can be contingent on whatever you experience an opinion or you are able to give a crystal clear argument about it. Create an extremely basic outline, either on a part of scrap paper or simply in your head, to assist you decide in what order to present your ideas within the body of the essay. The thesis statement indicates to the reader what argument you're making and what they are able to expect throughout the whole period of your paper. Your outline will be able to help you avoid adding unnecessary info and makes it much easier to craft a paper with a strong, logical structure. The Hidden Truth About Good College Persuasive Essay Topics You will definitely compose an excellent essay upon a topic of your interest. Such essays shall have a good deal of quotations, based just on facts and laws, and show no more than the actual picture of the situation. A European essay should present a selection of viewpoints. Persuasive essays try to influence readers to modify their attitudes about a topic. It can be extremely useful in attempting to choose the way to improve your essay. The most important idea will reflect your key thought about the subject of the essay. After doing your research you will be in a position to formulate the most important idea of your essay. Persuasive essay is also called the argument essay. Being organized helps to keep on top of your essay writing and be certain that you won't will need to work on an essay last minute. Researching the essay topic can help you determine what to write about in the essay and the way to structure it. Characteristics of Good College Persuasive Essay Topics Any persuasive speech is organized in a style in order to expose the audience to distinct points at various times. Writing on such great debates increases general understanding, and at the exact time, in addition, it enhances their creativity. Dividing the procedure for essay writing into several steps helps also gives students a feeling of accomplishment every time a small part is completed. It's understandable that numerous times in our lives, we like to choose the neutral view of things and attempt to understand either side of the debate. You're able to devote 1 paragraph to every sub-argument or researched source. If there's a topic you prefer and you're not really finding much information out there, you might need to pick a different topic. In writing your essay, you should offer background information that really gears the topic to the target audience. Others might not have sufficient information readily available to investigate the subject, and others can have too much contradicting information that it can be difficult to really find out more about the topic well. Good College Persuasive Essay Topics - Overview Keep in mind, argument essay writing is not quite as easy as it appears. The real leadership essay is simple to read and understand. Now that you're ready with your thesis statement and have all the essential information available, you're able to actually move to writing an essay. Essay body writing Every essay needs a typical structure if there are not any other instructions. When you read your essay, you've got to make sure its organization is excellent for your intended audience. Usually, the bigger section of the stock exchange analysts agrees with the simple fact that managers have an immediate effect on the operation of an organization. Show the readers you have the capability of understanding more than 1 perspective. The Key to Successful Good College Persuasive Essay Topics Now, all you have to do is write the content itself. Another good solution is feature stories. It's very simple to locate a great deal of simple research topics online or within a book at the library. Accordingly, so as to ensure you're choosing from the easiest topics for research papers, choose a few ideas and carry every one of them through a set of checks to see which is the very best solution for you. A superb approach may be to concentrate on a subject of local interest, like a lake or waterway that the audience will know about. The student is anticipated to provide facts that back up her perspective, and outside of English, it's the student's capability to come acros s such facts and use them to support her viewpoint which is being assessed. You have to be well ready to stand by your points if you've made a debatable point. The entire point of doing a research paper is to locate answers to questions that folks wonder about.

Research Proposal for Ace Cable Company - 2143 Words

Research Proposal for Ace Cable Company RES 351 Research Proposal for Ace Cable Company Research problem and purpose The main purpose of the revenue that Ace Cable Company has is to bring in new clients while maintaining existing ones. When looking into the problem of clients canceling their service with Ace Cable one of the first items to consider is the customer paying for something he or she prefers and is the customer paying for something he or she does not want? Other forms of the issue would be how to bring in new clients, what types of service can Ace Cable offer to new and existing clients, and to find the root cause to the clients who do drop their service. With pertaining questions to the existing customers as†¦show more content†¦The goals are feasible enough to reach as well as build new growth for the company. With the feedback Ace Cable receives from surveys, Ace Cable can build and answer research questions, build a hypothesis, recognize variables, build a research design with the necessary instrument to use for the data analysis approach, and fi nd the results needed for a successful and growing business. Research questions Customer Questions: †¢ How would they determine the value he or she pays for their service, versus the quality of Ace Cable’s Services? †¢ What additional services would you like Ace Cable to provide to them? †¢ Are you experiencing any issues with your cable service? †¢ Would you refer your friends and family to Ace Cable? †¢ How would you rate the overall satisfaction with your service from Ace Cable? Non Customer Questions: †¢ What do you like about our current cable company? †¢ What additional services would you like from you current cable provider? †¢ How would you rate the price you pay for the service you currently receive? Hypothesis What factors would lead Ace Cable to acquiring new customers and expanding their current footprint in their immediate area? This is the general question Ace Cable will be researching. The hypothesis is, if Ace Cable can gather information on what products and services their current customers like and dislike and haveShow MoreRelatedEssay on Millau Viaduct Project Management2076 Words   |  9 PagesThe Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed road bridge which spans the valley of the river Tarn situated alongside the Township of Millau in Southern France. The viaduct standing over 343 meters tall was the world’s tallest cable-stayed bridge and was proposed as the missing link in the A75 auto route that connects Paris in the north to Perpignan in the south. 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Effect on Staff Health and Attendance-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Disucss about the Impact of long working hours upon the health of nurses within an acute healthcare setup. Answer: Introduction Work life balance is one of the most talked about concepts within the current day workplace scenario as stress in the place of work has been seen to affect the physical and mental health of individuals considerably. The current study focuses upon the impact of long working hours upon the health of nurses within an acute healthcare setup. The current research project conducts a pilot study of the various factors within a workplace setting that can have a profound effect on staff health and attendance. Here, sudden increases in the absence of the nursing staffs have been noted which could be attributed to long working hours. The sudden changes in the shift duration of 7.5 hours to 12 hours have drastically increased the sickness rate among the staffs. The longer duration of work, lack of sleep and rest can be some of the instigating factors in deteriorating the health of employed nurses within a health care set up. Reports and evidence have also directly correlated increased rate of accidents to overtired healthcare staffs (Leow Chan, 2017). The absence of an adequate number of staffs can also affect the care quality and the services offered within a clinical, set up. In the current assignment, we have tried to focus upon the key pieces of evidence which reflect upon the chosen scenario. The methodology of the research had also been designed in accordance with the requirements of data analysis and interpretation. The goal of the assignment is to highlight the contributing factors towards increasing work pressure which has a negative impact on the mental, emotional and physical well being of a staff. Apart from longer shift durations, there are other contributing factors which also affect the well being of the staff such as workpl ace infrastructural support which is a necessary component and should be planned carefully (Penkunas et al., 2016). Research question, aim and hypothesis Aim: To investigate the claim about the effect of significant long working hours over the health of nursing professionals Research question What is the impact of long working hours upon the health of nursing professionals? Hypothesis H0= Long working hours are not responsible for deterioration of health of the nursing staff H1= Long working hours are responsible for health deterioration in the nursing staff Key pieces of evidence relevant to chosen scenario There has been evidence in the past where an overtired nurse has forgotten to brief regarding the most important details pertaining to the health of a patient in emergency trauma care to the concerned staff during shift change. As commented by Lin, Liao, Chen Fan (2014), such overtired staff has also been represented by a massive number of employee or staff turnover. Therefore, a detailed study had been conducted over here exploring the different areas of work division and maintenance of work-life balance within an acute care setup. As commented by Zboril-Benson (2016), long durations combined with rotational shifts may actually take the health of the nursing staff adding to fatigue which may impact the quality of healthcare services. However as argued by Kuo, Lin Li (2014), despite regulations for cumulative shift length for residential physicians and workers in other industries such policy and framework are lacking the nurses. The long working hours have been seen to result in gr eater amount of burnout within the nursing professionals (Steinmetz, de Vries Tijdens, 2014). Burnout could be characterised by emotional exhaustion, lack of attachment to patients, which could greatly impair the care services (Jamieson, Kirk, Wright Andrew, 2015). In this respect, additional data collection and research analysis mentioned that nurses working overtime would often not communicate well with the patients; neither were some of the crucial things such as pain well managed or controlled (Volpe et al., 2014). Some of the regulatory bodies such as Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) have restricted the working or shift hours of the physicians. In this respect, three separate aspects could be discussed in detail which consecutively impacts the health of the nursing professionals such as lack of sleep, extended work hours and rotational shifts. The lack of sleep has been one of the most common factors affecting the health of the nursing professionals. As commented by Griffiths et al. (2014), less sleep can result in a number of problems such as mood disorders, deficit of attention at place of work. These factors can significantly contribute to the deterioration of overall health and well being of a person. The ex tended work hours and consecutive shifts have often been related to digestive disorders, hypertension within the nursing staffs. Reports and evidence have shown that a clear link exists between sleep deprivation and obesity. As commented by Allen, Holland Reynolds (2015), short sleep duration has been seen to develop the tendency of glucose tolerance and promote incidents of diabetes in women. In this respect, insufficient sleep has been seen to result in occurrences of cardiovascular diseases among the healthcare professionals. Additionally, less sleep has been seen to cause hormonal misbalance by disturbing the levels of leptin, cortisol and thyrotropin (Gross, 2017). Some of these hormones have been seen to control the menstrual cycles in women. Thus, disruption in the normal hormonal levels can result in mood disorders and related health problems. The lack of sleep has also been correlated with less immunity in the healthcare staff (Sanso et al., 2015). However, workings for more than 40 hours per week affect the health of the nursing professional to a great extent (Jennings, Clifford, Fox, OConnell Gardner, 2015). The extended shifts have been associated with increased musculoskeletal injuries, cardiovascular conditions and development of hypertension. The increased neck and muscular discomfort due to working long hours have also been seen to affect the staff attendance (Sacco, Ciurzynski, Harvey Ingersoll, 2015). In this respect, the nursing professionals have often been seen to take longer holidays or miss duties owing to stiffness or pain in the body. As asserted by Arnold, Teijlingen, Ryan Holloway (2015), a satisfied staff have been seen to reduce incidents of massive turnover at workplace. Hierarchy of evidence Figure 1: Hierarchy of evidence (Source: Allen, Holland Reynolds, 2015) The literature sources used above are cross-sectional studies conducted under randomised control trials and helps in comparing between control and intervention groups. The hierarchy of evidence can be further divided into seven different levels or cycles. The level 1 emphasizes upon systematic review of randomised controlled trials. In the second level, the search strategy is further narrowed down where singly randomised trials are taken into consideration. From level 3 to 4 correlational and observational studies are conducted where different case studies are analysed further to find out the common patterns. This further helps in addressing the identified gaps or loopholes in the current situation. The level 5 to 6 focuses on data collection methods such as quantitative/qualitative research design. For the present study, we have taken into consideration face-to-face interview methods along with survey for collection of data regarding the problem situation of increased rate of health -related absence from work. The responses will be further compared with expert opinions and management authorities in charge of the nursing services delivery. Research pilot design Background analysis There have been incidents where the nurses have failed to keep a record of the exact medication doses to be delivered to the patients. This had resulted in cases of casualties within an acute care set up and often endangers reputation of the hospital. As per reports and evidence, several states such as California and Maryland have restricted longer work hours for the nurses (Jamieson, Kirk, Wright Andrew, 2013). However, no restrictions are imposed upon the voluntary overtime by the staffs of the hospital. Further research has highlighted two major contributing factors for wilful overtime by the nurses. These conditions could be summarised as shortage of nurses leading to more pressure on individual staffs along with weaker economy. However, such restriction of timings is yet to develop for the nurses. Reports and evidence have suggested that the normal accepted length of duty hours was put at 12 hours for most hospital set up on a larger scale. As argued by Lesuffleur, Chastang, Sandret Niedhammer (2014), most of the nurses have been found to be satisfied with long duty hours and would never complain. The reason was thought to be low salary being paid to the nurses; where a hike in the work hours would also mean a hike in the last drawn salary. Working on consecutive extended shifts can also increase the risk of workplace accidents (Sorenson, Bolick, Wright Hamilton, 2016). These accidents are often misinterpreted as carelessness by the staff. However, such carelessness often results due to excessive amount of fatigue present in the workers. Thus, the ergonomics or the workplace infrastructure are some other contributing factors and needs to be worked upon. As commented by Hassard et al. (2014), providing the staff with proper resting areas can help them to relax and unwind. Additionally, some of the other factors are provision of adequate facilities such as clean drinking water, changing rooms. Reports and evidence have suggested that providing the nursing professionals with suitable ergonomics can also help in reducing the grievances faced by them (Cheng Cheng, 2017). As commented by Harris, Sims, Parr Davies (2015), sufficient counselling and training could help the nursing professionals in coping up with increasing tension and work pressure. The training has also been seen to generate sufficient motivation in the staffs (Munabi, Buwembo, Kitara, Ochieng Mwaka, 2014). In this respect, providing the staff with performance bonus and incentives has also been seen to generate sufficient motivation within the staffs. Feasibility of the research In order to conduct a research successfully the feasibility options for conducting the research successfully have to be taken into consideration. In the current study, we have used both survey and questionnaire for the collection of relevant data regarding the increased absence of nursing staff from their place of work. Some of the feasibility issues which were faced by the researcher in conducting the survey and the interview were getting proper support from the management and the nursing staffs. Additionally, being at an arm's length from the hospices also affected the data collection procedure. The remote locations of some of the hospitals also resulted in accessibility issues, which further affected the authenticity of the results. Time The timing is a very important factor in ensuring the rate of success of a research project. In this respect, the limited time allotted for conducting the research study limited the scope of the research. Since the research had to be conducted within the hospital premises; therefore prior consent had to be taken from the respondents of the survey and interview process. Otherwise, any interruption within a busy hospital setting would have been considered as a violation of the research ethics and practices (Byrne Martin, 2014). Cost The budget allocation and costs associated with conducting a research project also have significant impact on the success rate of the project. The allocation of the budget could be done based upon the set of activities which are to be performed for the process of data collection and evaluation. A data plan entailing the amount spent upon each component of the research has been provided below. Activities Figures (in singapore dollars) Advertising (online promotion, designing posters, templates) S$ 0.2 million On field expenses (organizing surveys) S$ 0.3 million Research (collection of primary and secondary data about the issues faced by theworking professionals in healthcare) S$ 0.2 million Fundraising activities (inviting tenders, expression of interest) S$ 0.5 million Table 1: budget allocation (Source: author) Adverse events The adverse events in the context of healthcare could be described as any untoward incident that may occur during the process of care delivery by the nursing professionals. Some of the common phenomena which could be described over here are overdosing of patients by the fatigues or tired nursing staffs. The reporting of the adverse events can help in the identification of organizational, systematic and environmental problems (Ganster Rosen, 2013). There are a number of methods of reporting the adverse events including document review and surveillance of the clinical data. Therefore, the detailed analysis of the clinical data would help in analysing the factors which contributes towards increased rate of absentees among the nursing staffs. Database: NCBI, Pubmed, Cochrane library, MEDLINE. Is lack of sleep the cause behind increased rate of sickness absences in nursing staffs? Search topic Number of hits generated Workplace stress 52 Effect of stress on the physical and mental health of nursing staffs 65 Stress on absenteeism in workplace 50 Work life balance in improving health of the nursing staff 42 Systematic reviewed journals only 40 Limit the journals to last ten years only 35 Limit the journals to English language only 40 Table: search criteria (Source: Author) The literature has been supported through evidences from Randomised control trials (RCT) methods which belong to level 1 of evidence based studies. Effect size The effect size in a pilot study is a hypothetical focus group considered by the researcher initially which helps him in conducting a priori sample size calculation for future larger study. It further helps in the development of adequate statistical knowledge in the researcher. Methodology of the research The research had been conducted with the help of primary mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative research design). Here, quantitative study has been conducted with the help of designing a survey questionnaire. In this respect, an open-ended questionnaire is been presented to the health care staffs working in the hospital. The questions are designed pertaining to work-life balance, availability of growth opportunities, sufficient perks and incentives. The responses collected are used to design statistically significant results. Additionally, an interview is conducted by the hospital managers where the nursing staffs are questioned regarding the benefits of reducing shift hours on their physical and mental health. The comparative analysis helps in arriving at sufficiently evidence-based results. The methodology of the research has been further discussed with the help of individual research parameters as philosophy of the research, design, approach, strategy, type, data collection, data analysis, ethical and accessibility issues. Research approach There are two different types of research approaches such as inductive and deductive approaches. A thin line of difference lies between the two approaches being followed by the research methodology. In the current study, we have taken into consideration both the research approaches. The deductive approach is based upon testing an already published hypothesis whereas an inductive approach is concerned with new theory generation form the emerging data. The deductive approach is considered for quantitative studies; whereas the inductive approach is considered for conducting a qualitative study (Selamu et al., 2017). In the following assignment, we have taken into consideration both quantitative and qualitative study design. In the current study, we have conducted both survey and interviews for the purpose of data collection. Therefore, we have taken into consideration both the research methods and approaches. Sampling There are two main types of sampling methods such as simple random sampling methods and non-random sampling methods. In random sampling methods, we are providing each and every respondent equal opportunity to participate in the data collection process. In case of non-random sampling one generally follows a purposive mode of selection of the focus group for conducting the survey or the interview. For the current study design, we have followed a simple random sampling method. This provides every respondent equal opportunity of participating in the interview process. Here, the nursing staffs have been divided into two group where one of the groups have been put into twelve hours long shifts(control group) and the other group had been put into 8 to 9 hours shift (intervention group). The control and the intervention groups of nursing staffs have been reversed and vice-versa. The process has been executed for a period of four months and the comparative data collected for further analysis. Data collection The data collection is the most crucial part of a research project based upon which the entire evaluation is done. For the current study, primary data collection methods have been chosen. The primary design of data collection could be further divided into quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative data are collected through tools such as survey questionnaire. The responses collected through the survey questionnaire are represented into statistically significant results such as graphs and charts. Data analysis For the analysis of the data of primary mixed research design had been followed where the data have been collected through both interviews and surveys. In this respect, the recordings of the interview had been made into transcripts (Selamu, Thornicroft, Fekadu Hanlon, 2017). The statistically significant results collected through the survey are compared with the interview transcripts to arrive at cumulative responses. Research ethics A number of ethical considerations had to be taken into consideration during the conduct of the research. Some of the factors include taking proper consent from the respondents participating in the survey and interview process. In this respect, the participants have to be informed much in advance regarding the venue, timing of the interview process. The respondents could be reached over through a mail or by giving gentle reminders on the phone. In this respect, utmost care should be taken that none of the participants is forced to participate in the data collection process. Additionally, the entry and exit to the interview methods were kept open; that is the respondents were free to leave the premises of the interview at any point in time. With respect to reporting of adverse events, the survey respondents or participants of the interview need to given sufficient room for safeguarding their personal details. The Singapore Personal Data Protection Act (2012), ensures that confidential ity concerns of the participants are maintained and no personal data are shared without their consent ("About SingHealth - Singapore's Largest Healthcare Group - Singapore Health Hospitals and Doctors", 2018). Evidence in support of decisions and approaches For the dissemination of the objectives related to the pilot study, a number of steps could be followed. Firstly, strict rules limiting extensive work hours of the nursing professionals need to be imposed as per regulatory bodies such as ACGME. In the context of long working hours, the nurses need to be provided with sufficiently longer breaks, which would help them relax and freshen up before the next shift. In this respect, meetings could be organized with the board of directors giving them exact figures and statistics regarding the rates of untoward incidents which happen due to negligence at the time of delivery of duty by the overtired staffs. A well-entailed study of the past could be taken as an example for highlighting the problem areas where sufficient reforms and measures need to be implemented. The lack of proper scheduling during the roster preparation of the nurses can also lead to mishaps within healthcare settings. In this respect, steps could be taken to reduce the nu mber of consecutive rotational shifts within a single day for a nursing professional. This could be established by providing a sufficient number of backups and involving more number of staffs within the care procedure. Therefore, emphasis needs to be placed upon hiring and recruitment of more number of nursing professionals. In order to support the above-mentioned facts detailed study had been conducted with the help of sufficient literature analysis. Here, a number of questions related to compassionate fatigue have been asked to the participants of the survey and interview process as it is a common phenomenon among nursing staffs. In this respect, recurrent health checkups of the nursing professionals have been conducted. The results from repeated randomised control trials (RCTs) have shown that the healthcare staffs exposed to long duty hours reported gradual deterioration of health. The details from such health tests pointed at sudden increase in the blood glucose level and amount of hypertension. Therefore, sufficient measures need to be taken for checking and preventing rapid deterioration in the health of the nursing staffs. The concerned staffs could be provided with longer holidays for once in a while; which helps them in refreshing and rejuvenation. Discussion of barriers in implementation of the research objectives The current research has been designed with a view to investigating the claims of the manager who stated that inconscessantly long working hours contributes significantly to deteriorating the health conditions of the nursing professionals. For the dissemination of the objectives of the research project, a detailed qualitative and quantitative study method had been followed over here. In this respect, the individuals or participants taking part in the study design need to be informed well in advance regarding the venue, dates and timing of the interview process. Additionally, the personal and private details of the participants need to be preserved so that no confidential information is leaked out or misinterpreted. The consent from the respondents needs to be attained on signed papers highlighting in full details the terms and conditions of the survey process. In order to conduct the interview three different management lines of the organisation will be chosen such as the frontline manager, middle-level manager and the executive manager. The interview responses and later retrospection helps in highlighting the loopholes within the system and administration which are crucial in providing the staffs with a proper work-life balance. However, there are a number of barriers which are faced in the conduct of the research study. Some of the factors which play a governing role in the success of the research project are cost and timing of conducting the research. For designing of the interview and study design support and funding from the state and federal level is required. The entire consent and approval cycle takes huge amount of time which could have been otherwise vested in gathering sufficient and authentic data for the research project. Conclusion The current research project evaluates the effect of long working hours on the health of the various staffs and healthcare professionals. The study conducted here analyses the various factors which contribute towards the development of conditions where the nursing professionals have been absent from their work for a longer period of time. Further study and analysis have supported the supported and drawn various links between errors within the hospital and care set up and overworked staff. In the current study, a mixed research methodology has been followed for gathering and collection of sufficient data supporting the hypotheses. In this respect, implementation of alternative strategies and solutions such as provision of longer break hours along with paid holidays, work-based incentives can help in generating sufficient motivation in the staff. Additionally, providing the nurses with free health check-ups regularly can also reduce the occurrence of mishaps within a care setup. References About SingHealth - Singapore's Largest Healthcare Group - Singapore Health Hospitals and Doctors. (2018). Singhealth.com.sg. Retrieved 6 January 2018, from https://www.singhealth.com.sg/AboutSingHealth/Pages/Home.aspx Allen, B. C., Holland, P., Reynolds, R. (2015). The effect of bullying on burnout in nurses: the moderating role of psychological detachment.Journal of advanced nursing,71(2), 381-390. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12489 Arnold, R., Teijlingen, E., Ryan, K., Holloway, I. (2015). Understanding Afghan healthcare providers: a qualitative study of the culture of care in a Kabul maternity hospital.BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology,122(2), 260-267. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13179 Byrne, D. M., Martin, B. N. (2014). A solution to the shortage of nursing faculty: Awareness and understanding of the leadership style of the nursing department head.Nurse educator,39(3), 107-112. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000031 Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Lu, H. X., Feng, X. P. (2016). Factors associated with halitosis in white-collar employees in Shanghai, China.PloS one,11(5), e0155592. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155592 Cheng, W. J., Cheng, Y. (2017). Night shift and rotating shift in association with sleep problems, burnout and minor mental disorder in male and female employees.Occup Environ Med,74(7), 483-488. Retrieved from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103898 Dereen Houck, R. N. (2014). Helping nurses cope with grief and compassion fatigue: An educational intervention.Clinical journal of oncology nursing,18(4), 454. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/a08461afbf5f09c6c4472fb56e91dad7/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=33118 Gaki, E., Kontodimopoulos, N., Niakas, D. (2013). Investigating demographic, work?related and job satisfaction variables as predictors of motivation in Greek nurses.Journal of nursing management,21(3), 483-490. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01413.x Ganster, D. C., Rosen, C. C. (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review.Journal of Management,39(5), 1085-1122. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0149206313475815 Griffiths, P., DallOra, C., Simon, M., Ball, J., Lindqvist, R., Rafferty, A. M., ... Aiken, L. H. (2014). Nurses shift length and overtime working in 12 European countries: the association with perceived quality of care and patient safety.Medical care,52(11), 975. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000233 Gross, E. (2017). Work, organization, and stress.SocialStress. Chicago: Aldine. GrossWork, organization and stress54Social Stress1970, 54-110. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=cEMrDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA54dq=Gross,+E.+(2017).+Work,+organization,+and+stress.+SocialStress.+Chicago:+Aldine.+GrossWork,+organization+and+stress54Social+Stress1970,+54-110.ots=4eIqHjGL9lsig=H4yXzVt_0CVFIj8TlDqrCytK_7g#v=onepageqf=false Harris, R., Sims, S., Parr, J., Davies, N. (2015). Impact of 12h shift patterns in nursing: a scoping review.International journal of nursing studies,52(2), 605-634. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.10.014 Hassard, J., Teoh, K., Cox, T., Dewe, P., Cosmar, M., Grndler, R., ... Van den Broek, K. (2014). Calculating the cost of work-related stress and psychosocial risks, p.25. Retrieved from: https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31143/1/PubSub8693_Hassard.pdf Jamieson, I., Kirk, R., Wright, S., Andrew, C. (2015). Generation Y New Zealand Registered Nurses views about nursing work: a survey of motivation and maintenance factors.Nursing open,2(2), 49-61. DOI: 10.1002/nop2.16 Jennings, N., Clifford, S., Fox, A. R., OConnell, J., Gardner, G. (2015). The impact of nurse practitioner services on cost, quality of care, satisfaction and waiting times in the emergency department: a systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,52(1), 421-435. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.07.006 Khamisa, N., Peltzer, K., Oldenburg, B. (2013). Burnout in relation to specific contributing factors and health outcomes among nurses: a systematic review.International journal of environmental research and public health,10(6), 2214-2240. Doi:10.3390/ijerph10062214 Kuo, H. T., Lin, K. C., Li, I. C. (2014). The mediating effects of job satisfaction on turnover intention for long?term care nurses in Taiwan.Journal of nursing management,22(2), 225-233. DOI: 10.1111/jonm.12044 Leow, M. Q., Chan, S. W. (2017). The challenges, emotions, coping, and gains of family caregivers caring for patients with advanced cancer in Singapore: a qualitative study.Cancer nursing,40(1), 22-30. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-017-4453-7 Lesuffleur, T., Chastang, J. F., Sandret, N., Niedhammer, I. (2014). Psychosocial factors at work and sickness absence: results from the French National SUMER Survey.American journal of industrial medicine,57(6), 695-708. DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22317 Lin, S. H., Liao, W. C., Chen, M. Y., Fan, J. Y. (2014). The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality and self?perceived health status.Journal of nursing management,22(5), 604-612. DOI: 10.1111/jonm.12020 Munabi, I. G., Buwembo, W., Kitara, D. L., Ochieng, J., Mwaka, E. S. (2014). Musculoskeletal disorder risk factors among nursing professionals in low resource settings: a cross-sectional study in Uganda.BMC nursing,13(1), 7. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-13-7 Neville, K., Cole, D. A. (2013). The relationships among health promotion behaviors, compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in nurses practicing in a community medical center.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(6), 348-354. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3182942c23 Penkunas, M. J., Chan, A. W., Wong, C. H., de Korne, D. F., Tan, S. M., Wong, S. F. (2016). The Role of a Multicomponent Home-Health Intervention in Reducing Caregiver Stress in Singapore: A Qualitative Study.Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbw008. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw008 Sacco, T. L., Ciurzynski, S. M., Harvey, M. E., Ingersoll, G. L. (2015). Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among critical care nurses.Critical care nurse,35(4), 32-42. Retrieved from: https://ccn.aacnjournals.org/content/35/4/32.short Sans, N., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Pascual, A., Sinclair, S., Benito, E. (2015). Palliative care professionals' inner life: exploring the relationships among awareness, self-care, and compassion satisfaction and fatigue, burnout, and coping with death.Journal of pain and symptom management,50(2), 200-207. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.02.013 Selamu, M., Thornicroft, G., Fekadu, A., Hanlon, C. (2017). Conceptualisation of job-related wellbeing, stress and burnout among healthcare workers in rural Ethiopia: a qualitative study.BMC health services research,17(1), 412. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2370-5 Sorenson, C., Bolick, B., Wright, K., Hamilton, R. (2016). Understanding compassion fatigue in healthcare providers: A review of current literature.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,48(5), 456-465. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12229 Steinmetz, S., de Vries, D. H., Tijdens, K. G. (2014). Should I stay or should I go? The impact of working time and wages on retention in the health workforce.Human resources for health,12(1), 23. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-12-23 Volpe, U., Luciano, M., Palumbo, C., Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Fiorillo, A. (2014). Risk of burnout among early career mental health professionals.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,21(9), 774-781. DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12137 Zboril-Benson, L. R. (2016). Why nurses are calling in sick: the impact of health-care restructuring.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,33(4). Retrieved from: https://cjnr.archive.mcgill.ca/article/view/1660

The Catcher In The Rye Character Analysis Of Holden Caufield Essays

The Catcher In The Rye: Character Analysis Of Holden Caufield ` The Catcher in the Rye In J.D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caufield, describes in detail the parts of his life and his environment that bother him the most. He faces these problems with a kind of naivety that prevents him from fully understanding why it is that he is so depressed. His life revolves around his problems, and he seems helpless in evading them. Among others, Holden finds himself facing the issues of acceptance of death, growing up, and his own self-destructiveness. One of the hardships Holden must cope with is his inability to come to terms with death, in particular that of his younger brother, Allie. Holden seems to have experienced a rather happy and carefree childhood; he lived with his siblings, Phoebe and Allie, and had his older brother D.B. to look up to. Then Holden suddenly is faced with the realization that he has to grow up, and learn to live without Allie. The initial reaction is painful; Holden breaks his hand in a fit of emotion soon after the death. By the time Holden is sixteen years old, he has done little more than accept the fact that Allie is dead. We still see Holden seeking Allie in his bouts of depression. In chapter twenty-five, Holden, while walking along Fifth Avenue, begins to believe that he will not be able to get to the other side of the street each time he reaches the end of a block, as if he will just fall off. He talks aloud to Allie to help him get through the ordeal. Holden also continues to see Allie as one o f the few things he likes about life. Yet another demon that Holden avoids is the process of having to grow up. Throughout the book, he seems hesitant to develop any real ambitions or goals. He is a perpetual failure at school. He refuses to associate himself with mature ways of living, and so isolates himself from anyone his own age or older. This is all directly connected to Holden's picture-perfect image of his childhood. He sees this particular period of his life as his own personal paradise. He does not want to finalize the fact that he has to concede it's innocence in the end. Towards the end of the book, Holden shows his desire for life to remain as it was by saying, ...certain things should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone. Holden does not want to join a world of phonies and greed, a world lacking in carelessness and irresponsibility. He won't, whether consciously or not, accept the fact that he has no choice. A final conflict in the life of Holden Caufield is his own self-destructiveness. That he is suicidal is never deliberately pointed out in the book but there are several instances in which it is implied. Mr. Antolini, being perhaps the only adult in the story that truly understands the seriousness of Holden's situation, at one point remarks, I can very clearly see you dying nobly, one way or another, for some highly unworthy cause, possibly insinuating that Holden might not value his life enough to avoid throwing it away. Phoebe asks Holden about what he really likes about life, and all he can think of is a young boy named James Castle that commited suicide. At least one chapter finds him irrationally thinking he has cancer, and wandering around thinking he will certainly never make it to the other side of the street. One of the most significant allusions to suicide is when he walks around as though he has been shot, and afterward, in Central Park, he convinces himself that he has dev eloped neumonia and will die very soon. He imagines his funeral, and the reaction of his parents and Phoebe. By the end of the novel, Holden has envisioned his own death by at least four different methods: neumonia, nuclear warfare, homicide, and suicide. All of Holden's problems appear to have been derived from change, one way or another, and they all

Social Norms in Texas vs. Those in New York essays

Social Norms in Texas vs. Those in New York essays For most of my life I grew up in a small private Lutheran school in the conservative suburbs of Houston, Texas. This is a place full of one dimensional thinking, the acceptance of only heterosexual relationships, and of course a belief that beyond Jesus the only person worth worshiping is George W. Bush. When I made my decision to attend a liberal arts school here in New York, almost every person I knew thought I had gone crazy. They were disgusted to find out that their student council president and homecoming queen, both titles of high stature, was going to open herself up to the liberalistic points of views of the north. In the book This Book is Not Required, by Inge Bell and Bernard McGrane, the authors address the idea that society teaches us about societal norms and codes (Bell we tend to act normatively, following rules of behavior that operate under the surface of society (Adler One of the first differences I noticed while driving around New York was the lack of Bush and Cheney bumper stickers on the rears of the cars. In Texas, at least every other car driving down the highway is adorned with a little red, white, and blue sticker supporting the republican party. People are conditioned by society to support the republican party. One of the biggest reasons for this is because of the strong religious influence in the south. I remember, while in my senior year of high school, every teacher at my religious private school stressing how important it was to vote. Not because it was a right given to us which allowed us a little freedom of speech, or because it w...

5 things to consider before becoming a freelancer

5 things to consider before becoming a freelancer No set hours, no dress code and no boss. The life of a freelancer sounds like the dream situation for many average workers, especially those who have skills in writing, design or coding. With these skills, the reality of becoming a remote worker is not a far off dream as it is for others. But, it is important to take a step back and consider what it actually means to be a freelancer before taking the leap. Quitting your job and realising it’s not actually for you can be a stark reality to face.1) It’s a Solo Career PathThere’s no office water cooler in your home office, nor is there an opportunity to turn to your co-worker and have a chat about the weather. For some, this can be a very lonely path. It is good for those who have an erratic schedule, kids who need varying amounts of attention or someone who thrives on work hours that are outside of the 9 to 5.However, for some people, the isolation that comes with freelancing can cause anxiety or even depression. F reelancers who begin to feel this way should get out of the house as often as possible – even if it’s simply scheduling coffee with a friend or taking part in a sports activity twice a week. A break from the norm and social interaction is needed to keep the average freelancer sane.Networking can also be a great way to ensure that you get socialisation as a freelancer. Whether online or off, not only can you meet new people but you could also get more work from the endeavour!2) Money TalksFreelancing does not come with a set salary. One month you may be swimming in work and watching your bank account grow healthily, whereas the next you may be struggling to remember the meaning of the word client. It’s an insecure way to make a living – any prospective freelancer needs to be aware and prepared for this.Also, leaving the world of full-time work can remove important factors such as health insurance, retirement funds and other company benefits. Paying out for this alongside rent, savings, bills and the simple cost of living can see your freelancing money not stretch as far as you would have hoped.If you generally struggle to save money or keep track of your finances – even with a regular income – then freelancing may not be for you. Doing your own finances, taxes and sorting out the right freelancers insurance can be next to impossible if you don’t have a firm grasp on your budget.3) Legal FactorsAs a freelancer, you are considered a sole trader. But, this can open you up to a world of legal problems that are typically covered by an employer in the permanent career path. Setting yourself up as a limited company can be one way in which you mitigate this legal risk to yourself.Creating your own limited company can help to separate you and your work. Protecting your personal funds in the case of your company financially struggling or folding, or in the case that a client sues. Having a company in place helps to prevent the client from going after you or your personal money.Having legal contracts in place is also integral to protecting yourself from any repercussions. A written agreement can help protect your income also, as having written proof of your agreement with a client can help you to claim back money owed in the case of no payment. Terms and conditions alongside a privacy policy are also important to have on your website if you are selling a product, as it protects both you and any visitor to your site.4) Firm Handed ApproachSometimes clients don’t want to pay you. Sometimes clients want things on an impossible time scale. Sometimes it can feel like you’re just being set up to fail. For these situations, having a firm hand is vital to help keep your head above water. Learning to say ‘no’ is almost as important as the skill that allows you to freelance in the first place.If you find that you’re more of a ‘yes person’ then freelancing may not b e a career path that you can thrive in.5) Organisation is KingDeadlines. Client logins. Invoices. Taxes. Emails. Lots and lots of emails.Keeping on top of everything can feel like a monumental task at the best of times, but even more so when you are a freelancer responsible for the running of a small business. Ultimately, that’s what you are. A small business with all of the paperwork and administration that comes with it – all of which you have to do by yourself.If keeping things in order is a struggle of yours, then keeping track of your freelancing career may be a struggle in the beginning. However, learning to become organised is not impossible!Purchase a file for your tax returns and insurance documents. Invest in an accounting software that works for you and can help you to invoice your clients with ease. Create folders in your email account that will help you deal with issues in order of priority. Use a calendar that can help you keep on top of all your deadline s, those are important after all!There a lot of things that need to be organised as a freelancer, if it seems like too much now then imagine what it will be like during the everyday struggle of freelancing. Set firm organisation in place from day one to enjoy true success as a freelancer.So there you have it, the top considerations that you need to make before you take the leap into freelance writing for good. Ensure that you consider everything carefully before you leave the city centre office in exchange for your home office.About the authorZack Halliwell is a lover of long walks with his dog during the day and a freelance writer by night. Kind of like Batman (coincidentally the name of his dog). Find him @ZackHalliwell on  Twitter.

The nature of the Kingdom which described in the Gospel of Thomas Term Paper

The nature of the Kingdom which described in the Gospel of Thomas - Term Paper Example The quotations on the Kingdom of Heaven, in particular, have been a focal point of discussion and argument as to what exactly the author of the text intended, especially in reference to its nature and how exactly one attains it. This paper analyses this Gospel’s allusions to the Kingdom of Heaven and what it entails with regard to the historical, cultural, social and political atmosphere of the time in which the Gospel was written. Discussion The strongest approach for interpretation of the Gospel of Thomas seems to be the Gnostic approach, with several factors lending credence to this theory. The scriptures seem to indicate that the main characteristic of the Kingdom of Heaven is that it is within us, and all that is required of us is inward reflection and self-knowledge. The emphasis on knowledge is a major selling point for this argument, with the word Gnosis itself being Greek for knowledge. Gnostics held the belief that the realization of knowledge was the path to salvati on and deliverance. In what can be viewed as Gnostic tradition, the scriptures are viewed as holding a secret meaning, and only those who attain a deeper understanding have the truth revealed to them and are finally worthy of entering the kingdom (Valantasis, p 79). This attitude of secrecy and mystery is visible from the very first line in which the author states; â€Å"These are the secret sayings that the living Jesus spoke and Didymos Judas Thomas recorded†. Gnosticism encouraged mysticism and regarded deep thinking and meditation on texts as important to the path of eventual revelation, a sign that one was worthy of the rewards from the higher powers (Wylen, p 239). One interpretation of these texts could argue strongly for the case that the reigning Gnostic attitude at the time influenced the writer to use the veiled references, parables and allegories so as to motivate the reader into attempting to perceive more than just the written text. Examples of this approach can be seen in the verses quoted below: â€Å"Jesus said, "If your leaders say to you, 'Look, the (Father's) kingdom is in the sky,' then the birds of the sky will precede you. If they say to you, 'It is in the sea,' then the fish will precede you. Rather, the kingdom is within you and it is outside you.†(v.3). This verse encourages reflection and introspection, a look at what is inside us and directly outside us so as to discover the kingdom. It discourages the reader from taking others’ opinions, especially leaders, as to what to do to enter the kingdom. This opinion could derive from the fact that there were many preachers at the time who all claimed to hold the one true key to salvation, each suggesting different paths to attain said salvation. It could also appeal to the rational, philosophizing movement at the time that argued for reason and rationale to prevail over emotions and blind following. â€Å"Simon Peter said to them, "Make Mary leave us, for females don' t deserve life." Jesus said, "Look, I will guide her to make her male, so that she too may become a living spirit resembling you males. For every female who makes herself male will enter the kingdom of Heaven." (v.114). This verse is especially enlightening as to the times in which the Gospel was authored and the socio-cultural context thereof. The commonly held view then was

The Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Economic - Essay Example Aside from the education sector, the construction segment also suffered from a major cut due to the slowdown in public construction projects. Irwin also mentions Obama’s response to America’s unemployment problem, which is the $447 billion American Jobs Act. The Act aims to channel money to the state governments to avoid more job cuts (Irwin 2). This Act however is facing a lot of resistance from Congress who deem it unacceptable for the federal government to rescue the state and local governments. This article by Irwin presents a bird’s eye view of the current unemployment situation of the US. It is very informative, citing valuable data on the labor front. One thinks that even if the public sector does not create new jobs or cuts on its employment, the unemployment figure could still improve provided that the private sector is able to take in those who lost their jobs from the state and local governments. The question though that persists in one’s mind is whether the private sector is ready to hire more with the current state of the

Euthyphro & Classics of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Euthyphro Classics of Philosophy Essay In its simplest term, the divine command theory holds that given that god exists; an act is good only because God commands it. In other words, anything that is not approved of by God cannot be considered to be good. A major problem associated with this view is raised in Euthyphro. The Euthyphro argues that the gods command things because they are good rather than that they are good because they command it. Seen from another angle, the goodness of things precedes Gods command. However, considering the polytheistic nature of the society that Socrates and Euthyphro lived in, the conception that what is good is only good because gods command it may be challenged by holing that the gods may have differences in opinion especially with regard to issues of morality. As such, what may be dear to one god may not necessarily be dear to another. As such, one action may be both pious and impious. The divine command theorists hold that the source of all moral value is the will of God (Hall et al). Whatever is willed by God is morally good or obligatory and whatever he forbids is morally evil. With this regard, murder, theft and adultery are morally wrong because, and only because they are forbidden by God. On the other hand, justice and mercy are morally good only because they are approved by God. The majority of divine command theorists hold that there is no intrinsic Good. Whatever is done and willed by God is good and whatever opposes the will of God is bad. As such, the good has its foundation and existence solely in Gods will. Indeed, it can be conceived that God can alter his mind and command murder. This is especially seen in the scriptures when he commanded Abraham to kill his son. He can also forbid acts of clemency. Simply by an act of will, God can change virtue into vice and vice into virtue. The divine command theory is first broached as a philosophical theory in Euthyphro. Euthyphro and Socrates are attempting to define holiness with Euthyphro proposing a definition that holiness is whatever is loved by the gods. According to Socrates, this definition is ambiguous in the sense that it does not offer any clear comprehension of whether something is holy simply because it is loved by the gods or whether its loved by the gods because it is already holy. By making a generalization from the case of holiness, it can be said that either something is morally good or right because God commands it to be so or that God commands it because it is morally good or right to begin with (Pojman, 2002). In other words, either moral value depends on the will of god or the will of god depends on moral value. In Euthyphro, the two options are dramatically presented. That is, either the source of value depends on the divine will or elsewhere. Both Socrates and Euthyphro agree that it lies elsewhere and therefore reject the divine command theory. They however do not explain where it rests. Platos view is right considering his god-independent Form of the Good. However, the argument in Euthyphro can be hardly applied to the Christian God. Platos argument, as taken by Leibniz and other philosophers may be seen in the following context; that â€Å"honoring ones parents is good because God has commanded it† implies the counterfactual that if God commanded other things, those other things would be good. God, by the theory, could have commanded those other things considering how powerful He is. According to the divine command theory, therefore, if God had commanded that one should dishonor his parents, then dishonoring parents would be obligatory instead of forbidden (Wilkens, 1995). This is however absurd. The divine command theory is thus committed to counterfactuals about what would have been good that are patently false. The implication is that, even though God commanded the good, this is only so because it is good and not that it is good because He commanded it. The dilemma in the question of whether what is holy is holy because the gods approve of it, or approve of it because it is holy can only be clearer if the polytheistic assumptions are eliminated and the term â€Å"holy† is replaced with â€Å"right†. If the question is restructured, it will appear as follows: does God command us to do what is right because it is right or something is right because God commands it? The question presents two possibilities. First, God’s commands can be conceived of to be right-indicating or pointing towards rightness. Second, it can be conceived of to be right-making or creating rightness. This question is whether God is viewed as a Supreme Court justice or a legislator. The justice comprehends the statutes and can therefore suggest what should be done for one to stay within the boundaries of the law. However, the law itself is independent of the justice. The legislator on the other hand does not just interpret but also creates law. Until the lawmaker legislates, the law is not in existence. The question thus is; which gives a better conception of God? Voluntarists see God as a legislator since they emphasize on His freedom, will and sovereignty. As such, God is not bounded to the dictates of some standard that He did not create. Instead, right is right because God legislates it. The declaration of God that particular actions are good is right making. This view of God as a legislator evades restricting His freedom and power. However, this may create another problem. If God is so radically free and powerful, could he create a world in which torture is good? If His saying so makes it right and there are no limitations on God, could he decide that rape is virtuous? Affirming this option is frightening since there is a natural inclination to believe that a command that we ought to rape would be morally repugnant, even if it emanated from God (Ross Stratton-Lake 2002). However, there is need to notice its implication. It assumes a standard of goodness that is independent of God. Otherwise we would not have at our disposal anything by which to measure the commands of God. With this regard, a conclusion can be derived that the gods approve of holy (right or goodness) because it is holy (right or good). Holiness is an objective feature of the world and as such, the moral order is just as a fundamental nature of the universe as the spatial or numeric structure of the universe. Our moral attitudes do not make actions good or right. Rather, they are responses to rightness or goodness. What makes our belief that something is good is the property or objective characteristic of being good that it possess. If one defines holiness as meaning what is approved by the gods, one is putting forward a naturalistic definition. If one however defines it as such that it ought to be desired, one is putting forward a non-naturalistic definition. However, both the definitions show that what is good is intrinsic as opposed to what the divine command theorists attempt to postulate. Holiness, goodness or rightness refer to a property or a quality of something and thus, this quality or property cannot be decided by the goods but rather exist independently of the will of the gods. However, there comes a challenge when they refer to a relational property rather than the intrinsic property of the things of which it is predicated. This is the major challenge not only to the divine command theorists but also to Euthyphro. References Plato, Euthyphro Pojman, L. (2002). Classics of Philosophy. Oxford University Press Ross, W. Stratton-Lake, P. (2002). The Right and the Good. Oxford University Press Wilkens, S. (1995). Beyond bumper sticker ethics: an introduction to theories of right wrong. InterVarsity Press

Cicso Systems vs Huawei Technologies :: Lawsuit Law Intellectual Property Essays

Cicso Systems vs Huawei Technologies I. Cisco Systems files lawsuit against Huawei Technologies Cisco Systems filed a lawsuit against Huawei Technologies on January 23, 2003 claiming that Huawei had copied, misappropriated, and infringed on Cisco’s intellectual property in its rival line of low-cost networking routers.1 Cisco Systems is an industry leader in providing networking equipment for voice and data transfer. Huawei Technologies is China’s leading manufacturer of telecom and network equipment gear and is viewed by analysts as a formidable competitor to Cisco2. II. Details of the lawsuit Cisco’s allegations include the following:3 . Copying of IOS source code: IOS (Internetworking Operating System) is Cisco’s proprietary operating system. Cisco claims that Huawei’s operating system contains text strings, file names, and even bugs that are identical to those in Cisco’s IOS source code. . Copying of Cisco’s technical documentation: Cisco alleges that whole portions of text from Cisco’s copyrighted technical documentation are found in Huawei’s user manuals for their Quidway routers and switches. . Copying of Command Line Interface: A Command Line Interface (CLI) is the interface through which a user issues commands to a router. Cisco claims that extensive portions of its CLI and help screens appear verbatim in Huawei’s operating system for its Quidway routers and switches. . Patent infringement: Cisco alleges that Huawei is infringing at least five Cisco patents related to proprietary routing protocols. Cisco wants a preliminary and permanent injunction prohibiting the use, sales, marketing, and distribution of Huawei’s Quidway routers and switches. The suit includes an order to triple all damages, an amount to be determined by a jury during a trial.4 Cisco also took action against a Huawei distributor in the United Kingdom. Spot Distribution received a cease and desist letter for distributing Huawei products that allegedly infringe Cisco’s intellectual property.5 Cisco filed the case in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas,6 nearby Plano, Texas, where it has a subsidiary. The court is reputed to be knowledgeable about patent and intellectual property infringement cases, sympathetic to patent holders, and quick to issue injunctions. While patents granted in the United States are only enforceable in the United States, copyright laws are enforced worldwide.

105 Training

1. 05 – Training Principles You will perform the Sit and Reach exercise as described in the lesson and then answer the questions below based on your experiences. Important: Â ·Answer each question in the document by highlighting or bolding your answers. Â ·Save the file as 105training. rtf. Â ·Below the file name is the field for file type. Use the drop down menu to choose ‘Rich Text Format'. This will save it with the . rtf file structure required. Â ·Submit the completed assignment for Assessment 1. 05 Training Principles. Complete each exercise below: A. Reach to 0 cm mark and hold 10 secondsB. Reach to 8 cm mark and hold 15 seconds C. Reach to 15 cm mark and hold 10 seconds D. Reach to 22. 5 mark and hold 15 seconds 1. Of the four exercises attempted in the activity I was able to complete A. None of the exercises. B. Item A only C. Items A and B D. Items A, B, and C E. All of the exercises 2. Reaching to 0 cm mark and holding for 10 seconds was: A. Easily done B. Done C. Slightly Difficult D. Very Difficult E. Could not yet reach 3. Reaching to 8 cm mark and holding 15 seconds was: A. Easily Done B. Done C. Slightly Difficult D. Very Difficult E. Could not yet reach 4.Reaching to 15 cm mark and holding 10 seconds was: A. Easily Done B. Done C. Slightly Difficult D. Very Difficult E. Could not yet reach 5. Reaching to 22. 5 mark and hold 15 seconds was: A. Easily Done B. Done C. Slightly Difficult D. Very Difficult E. Could not yet reach Part II: Principle of Overload 1. How frequently would you need to stretch if the sit & reach was easily done? A. Very Often – several times a week B. Often – 3 times a week C. Rarely – once a week 2. Which of the above stretches made you work harder (had the greatest intensity)? A. 0 cm B. 8 cm C. 15 cm D. 22. 5 cm

Law and Ethics Essay

1. What is the primary objective of IBM’s advertising? How have the objectives of its advertising changed over the years? In one perspective the initial primary objective of IBM’s advertising is to recapture brand equity to increase its diminishing market share. Plunging from one of the market leader during 70’s and 80’s to almost a market looser in the 90’s, IBM’s rebranding aims at the value proposition in the mind of the consumers. Defeated by the rivals such as Microsoft, Dell and Oracle, IBM had to push the awake call alert to reposition itself as one of the significant player in the industry. This all been done through the ingenious and new paradigm of advertising series on which could reinstate the big blue stigma. The transformation process that could penetrate the existing market with the new products known as the product penetration strategy can be best served through the non-personal media Gradually, over the years these objectives had been streaming with the need and orientation towards the present consumers demand and market behavior. What has been emphasis during the early stage of communicating with the consumers has to be molded with the present requirement to suit the consumer needs and wants. Series of persuasive and accurate appeals of the IBM’s advertising plus the campaign has alerted the consumers of its present business orientation and objectives. At this stage recapturing the brand equity has become marginal as the target is to increase the market share through brand retention, brand loyalty and customer relationship management (CRM). 2. Evaluate each of the campaigns described in the case and the accompanying ads shown in the Power Point file. Are the intended branding messages being communicated clearly and do the ads speak equally well to users, as well as non-users, of IBM products and services? IBM’s advertising was handled by a large number of different agencies prior to 1993. Until the late 80’s this wasn’t a problem because IBM was such a dominant player in the market. However this eventually became a problem as IBM was beginning to loose its identity having portrayed itself in a wide variety of ways around the country. So in 1995 they introduced a campaign. â€Å"Solutions for a small planet†: These ads were meant to create a unified brand image of IBM around the world, while connecting everyone on this â€Å"small planet†. This campaign was very successful, and was a huge step in restoring IBM’s image. The main communication goal for this campaign was delivering message that IBM can â€Å"manage information anywhere, anytime, and for anyone†. The messages are underlined by the repeated use of the word †solutions† in describing I.B.M.’s products and services. That echoes the theme †Solutions for a small planet,† which has appeared in all the I.B.M. advertising created by Ogilvy & Mather, the WPP Group agency that has been the company’s worldwide shop since 1994. The campaign was based on extensive market research around the world. This campaign targeted C-level Executives like Chief executives, Chief Managers, etc. IBM wanted to be known as the â€Å"provider of solutions†. â€Å"E-Business†: This campaign was introduced in the late 1990’s. This was to connect with people who were beginning to use the internet more and more for their business and personal use. This was a very good move as using the internet in some way is now a part of almost everyone’s daily activities. This campaign continued to connect the brand with being able to help people with their business needs. Testimonials from customers such as Mercedes Benz and Motorola were used to back up the message that IBM can help you with your business. E-business signals IBM’s recognition of its customers’ increasing desire to use the Web for commerce and collaboration. IBM also used this campaign to attract a broader customer base of small to midsize customers seeking to develop a Web presence. â€Å"On Demand† The main objective of this campaign was to increase the focus on Business Services Market. It used a series of print ads, television commercials and outdoor advertising which reaches the consumer while he or she is outside the home. It was focused on marketing to consumers when they are â€Å"on the go† in public places, in transit, waiting and/or in specific commercial locations. Outdoor advertising formats fall into four main categories: billboards, street furniture, transit, and alternative. IBM helped analyzed medical data with an advertisement â€Å"Fighting Cancer is ON†. Other examples include â€Å"Napster is ON†, â€Å"China is ON†, â€Å"The PGA Tour is ON†, to increase  the focus on Business Services Market. In all these campaigns â€Å"ON† is about getting your company to work better. The goal of the ‘ON Demand’ campaign was to show that yet again IBM was at the forefront of helping companies/businesses which were f ully integrated, wanted to meet the demands of the ever demanding consumer and aiming to provide better services and grab business opportunities available at a global scale. â€Å"The Other IBM† and â€Å"Help Desk†: These campaigns move into the Information Technology Consulting Industry. The Other IBM was designed in 2005 to reposition company. It used imagery with scenes of King Arthur’s Knights of the Round Table. The IBM Help Desk was aimed at mid-sized businesses and, rather than concentrating on technological jargon, it focused on showing how the IBM Help Desk can be of assistance in solving practical business problems. The TVCs literally take the Help Desk into the real world to show, in a humorous way, how the IBM Help Desk can assist businesses in making their operations smoother and their lives easier 3. What is the value of using testimonials or mini-case studies across a variety of business and industries in IBM’s integrated marketing communications campaigns?

Is Computer Technology Ruining Society Today

Is Computer Technology Ruining Society Today? Ever since the beginning of our existence, man has been trying to forge ahead and better himself. Throughout history man has pushed to achieve that which had always been considered unachievable. Sure some have shunned advancements and some have even tried to destroy it, yet it and we still move on. At the point we have reached today, technology not only enables us to have better lives, it also gives us the opportunity for global unity and advancement. I feel that the major effect that computer technology has made is to make us a global society, made communication as fast as the blink of an eye which results in quickly sharing ideas therefore making it possible for us to work with others in our fields to make those technological advancements at quantum speed. To assess what the affect of computer technology has on our culture we must look to the past. We would do this and we will see a magnificent difference between now and then. In the past hours upon hours were spent on projects and work that today thanks to computer technology only takes minutes. This technology enables us to do these projects with much greater accuracy and precision than we could ever hope for without their help. Some say that because of our reliance upon these machines we are giving up our work ethic and becoming lazier, that we rely on equipment and cannot function without them. To that comment I must say, the emergence of computer technology not only created thousands of new jobs and fields it also stimulated and drove countless others to set out upon this new venture and begin their own business or even create a whole new field. It is because of this technology that our working environment has improved to today's standards. "I think that computers a!re have given us the freedom to achieve so much of our "original" work. They have freed us from the repetitive tasks that took up much of our time so ...

The History of Hacky Sack

The History of Hacky Sack Hacky Sack, also known as Footbag, is a modern, non-competitive American sport that involves kicking a bean bag and keeping it off the ground for as long as possible. It was invented in 1972 by John Stalberger and Mike Marshall of Oregon City, Oregon as a fun, challenging way to exercise. Inventing the Hacky Sack The story of Hacky Sack began in the summer of 1972. Mike Marshall introduced visiting Texan John Stalberger to a game that he had learned from a Native American, a fellow inmate in a military brig. The game involved kicking a small bean bag repeatedly to keep it off the ground for as long as possible- using all parts of your body except your hands and arms- and then eventually passing it to another player. Stalberger, who was recovering from a knee injury, began playing the game- which they described as going to â€Å"hack a sack†- as a way to rehabilitate his leg. Six months later, with Stalberger’s knee healed and newly acquired mastery of their game, they decided to go into manufacturing. Hacky Sack Evolution For about a year and a half, Marshall and Stalberger experimented with different versions of the sack. Their 1972 initial sack was square-shaped, made of denim and filled with rice. They quickly realized that internal stitching provided an improvement in control, and tried round instead of square, and switched from denim to cowhide for longevitys sake. By ’73, they had developed the classic, two-panel, leather, internally sewn, disc-shaped style that would stay in use and manufacture for the next twenty years. The first bags using the Hacky Sack name appeared in 1974. When the 28-year-old Marshall died of a heart attack in 1975, Stalberger decided to soldier on, developing a more durable bag and working to promote the game he and his late friend had created. Hacky Sack Ancient History LIke most modern inventions, hacky sack is a really old idea. A game similar to hacky sack was supposedly invented by the legendary (or mythological) Chinese Yellow Emperor (or deity), who used a hair-filled leather bag in a game called cuju, as training for his military forces during his reign in the late mid-third millennium BCE. The first non-mythological records of cuju date to the Zhan Guo Ce, a Chinese record written during the Warring States period (476–221 BCE). Cuju is also mentioned in the Chinese history of Shiji written about 94 BCE. In Japan, a similar game called kemari was being played at Nara by the 7th century CE; and in Malaysia, a game with a small rattan ball called sepak takraw has been played at least since the 11th century CE. Of course, hacky sack is also similar to soccer (European football), and soccer players frequently â€Å"juggle† or â€Å"freestyle† with a ball before kicking it in the air to a teammate. Official Techniques There arent any rules per se to the game of hacky sack, except that you cant use your hands or arms to keep the ball from falling to the ground. There are established techniques. The inside kick involves using the inside curve of your foot to kick the ball straight upward. The outside kick uses the outside of your foot to the same thing, and the toe kick hooks the ball straight upward. It is legal to stall the ball, bouncing it off any of those places on your foot rather than passing it high into the air, and it is legal to bounce it off your chest, head, or back. Just not your arms or hands. More formal types of hacky sack include footbag net (played with a net), footbag golf (like Frisbee golf), and consecutive (where you try to set a record for continuous bouncing). The original hacky sack is known as freestyle, where people stand in a circle and pass it to one another. The Hacky Sack Game Catches On Hacky Sack became extremely popular with high school and college students, especially with counterculture groups who would stand in circles, taking turns working to keep the footbags aloft. Groups of Deadheads playing the game became a familiar sight outside concert venues whenever the Grateful Dead performed. Stalberg was instrumental in founding the National Hacky Sack Association, founded in 1975. In 1979 the U.S. Patent office granted a license to the Hacky Sack brand footbag. By then Hacky Sack Company was a solid business, and Wham-O, the company that manufactures the Frisbee, acquired it from Stalberger. in 1983. A World Wide Sport Along the way, the generic, non-copyright name of footbag became popular for the game, and the game has become a worldwide sport with official rules. The first official organizing body for the sport, the National Hacky Sack Association, was organized by John Stalberger and Ted Huff in 1975. It sanctioned or sponsored U.S. footbag tournaments, including the World Footbag Championships, which have been running annually since 1980.   The NHSA ended in 1984, and the World Footbag Association rose to become its replacement. The World Wide Footbag Foundation was incorporated in 1994 and in 2000 it morphed into the International Footbag Players Association, Inc. The IFPA has a Football Hall of Fame: the first person initiated was Ted Huff in 1997.

Motives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motives - Essay Example Encouraged and facilitated by government, these schemes are designed for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and are used primarily - but not exclusively - for export activities. In general, an export grouping scheme provides the opportunity for member companies to spread the initial costs and risks of international market entry, to share information and experiences, and to pool resources to support stronger promotional efforts. Illustrative uses of network schemes are the 'export circles' in Finland which have the requirement that each circle be kept small and that the companies must be noncompetitive and the Joint Action Group (JAG) scheme in Australia which was initiated by the semi-government agency the Australian Trade Commission as a way of improving performance of Australian exporters. One requirement of such groups is that member companies must accept group-determined goals and activities, which is often difficult for smaller companies to do especially when the group comprises competitors (Pieterse, 2004). Two approaches have been used to form groups: (1) supply based, which starts with formation of a group an; then seeks an opportunity, and (2) demand driven, which starts with an international prospect or opportunity and then the group is formed. Also, to becoming parties

The Role of Business in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Business in Society - Essay Example Thus, the individuals that approach decisions in this perspective feel that ethics in business is vital for maximum profits. In addition, decisions can be overlooked from the stakeholders’ point of view. In corporate social responsibility many firms make decisions and consider the interests and needs of the company’s stakeholders. This does not just base on the financial stake of the organization’s losses and profits. The various organizations which approach to vital issues in a firm from the perspectives of the stakeholders consider how the decisions have an impact to the people outside and inside the organization. The stakeholders can either affect or be affected by the decisions and actions of a particular firm. Though the shareholders are stakeholders, they are not the only ones. Furthermore, other stakeholders include customers, suppliers, employees and competitors. In decision making, the stake holders make decisions that favor the affected parties. The managers are very vital in the decisions of the firm as they establish the ethical tone. The managers control the view of the employees on profits. They set the recommended by the employees in ethical operation of the company. In the perspectives of the managers they set the business environment that encourages the other employees. For the company to operate in an ethical manner, the managers come up with decisions that encourage the employees to behave ethically. Therefore, the manager lead well to serve as an example to the employees. Business firms are supposed to assess their weaknesses and strengths in responding to the opportunities and threats in the environment. The marketing objectives of most businesses aim at improving and increasing the satisfaction of the customer or increasing the sales. In contrary there are several constrains that can hinder the business from proceeding. This

International and Comparative Human Resource Management Essay - 5

International and Comparative Human Resource Management - Essay Example The rapid technological advancement has greatly influenced the change observed in the business environment. Organisations’ processes are constantly being re-engineered and delocalised because work can now be carried out both at home and in the office. The re-engineering process has reduced middle management levels as today’s lower level managers are faced with more work and decision making activities. The work processes have been restructured to comply with the existing technology in the business environment, fragmentation against departments has been reduced in an attempt to fasten decision making process and accomplishment of tasks, the quality and speed of strategy execution has been improved, employees are empowered and information flows swiftly within the organisation (Thakur 2001, p. 311). For instance Joel Salatin owner of the Polyface Farm in Virginia has adopted sustainable agricultural operations such as use of green technology to maintain the quality of his l and and animals. He is also able to meet the sophisticated demands of consumers that desire to use green technology products which are deemed to be safe as they cause less harm to the environment and their health. The business environment has been changed to a business of data by ‘formatting’ the workplace. Today workers manipulate data related to the products they are producing instead of the working materials. The communication technology has acquired a multiplier phase enabling all players in the business environment to get the same information simultaneously and thus react or act on it at the same time

Chemical Tests for Biomolecules

Chemical Tests for Biomolecules Kaneshanathan Kumaraguru Contents (jump to) Introduction Objective Materials Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion References Introduction A macromolecule is â€Å"a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetitions of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass† (Jenkins et al., 1996, p.2289). Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides, which typically consist 5 or 6 carbon straight saturated chain (Bochkov, Zaikov and Afanasiev, 1991, p.2). Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptides which consist of chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds (Walsh, 2004, p.2). Objective To identify the macromolecules (carbohydrates and proteins) by using various chemical assays. Materials Samples – Glucose, lactose, fructose, starch, sucrose, tyrosin, tryptophan and egg albumin. Reagents – Molish’s reagent, iodine solution, benedict’s solution, barfoed’s reagent, seliwanoff’s reagent, ninhydrin solution and millon’s reagent. Other chemicals – Concentrated H ­2SO4, AgNO3, dilute NaOH, dilute NH4OH, concentrated HNO3, NaNO2/dilute HCl and sulpanilic acid. Equipments – Bunsen burner, pipett, beakers and test tubes. Methodology Tests for carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose and starch). Molisch’s test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was poured into five test tubes. Then few drops of Molisch’s reagent was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and mixed well. Then 2ml of concentrated H2SO4 was added down the sides of the test tubes. Iodine test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was poured into five test tubes. Then 3 drops of diluted I2 was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette. Benadict’s test Using a transfer pipette, 5ml of Benadict’s solution was poured into five test tubes. Then 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was mixed well. Test tubes were then heated in a water bath for 3 minutes. Barfoerd’s test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was poured into five test tubes. Then 5ml of Barfoerd’s solution was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was mixed well. Test tubes were then heated in a water bath for 3-4 minutes. Seliwanoff’s test Using a transfer pipette, 5ml of Seliwanoff’s reagent was poured into five test tubes. Then 5-6 drops of each carbohydrate solution was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was mixed. Test tubes were then heated in a water bath for exactly 30 seconds. Tollen’s test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of AgNO3 was poured into five test tubes. Then using a transfer pipette, dilute NaOH was added until a slight precipitate was formed. Then dilute NH4OH was added until the precipitate just dissolved. 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was then added into each test tube using a transfer pipette. Test tubes were then heated in a water bath for 5 minutes. Tests for amino acids (tyrosine and tryptophan) and protein (egg albumin). Ninhydrin test Using a transfer pipette, 0.5ml of 0.02% amino acid solutions and protein was poured into three test tubes. Then 1ml of Ninhydrin solution was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was heated in a water bath for 3-4 minutes. Xanthoproteic test Using a transfer pipette, 2ml of 0.02% amino acid solutions and protein was poured into three test tubes. Then 2ml of concentrated HNO3 was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was heated in a water bath for 1-2 minutes. Millon’s test Using a transfer pipette, 2ml of 0.02% amino acid solutions and protein was poured into three test tubes. Then 3-4 drops of millon’s reagent was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette and was heated in a water bath for 3-4 minutes. Pauly’s test Using a transfer pipette, 1ml of 0.02% amino acid solutions and protein was poured into three test tubes. Then 1ml of sulphanilic acid was added into each test tube using a transfer pipette. 1ml of dilute HCl was then added into three separate test tubes. All six test tubes were kept in ice bath for 3 minutes. Then the amino acids / protein solutions were mixed with 1ml of dilute HCl in the test tubes and were kept in the ice bath again. Few drops of NaOH were then added to the test tubes in the ice bath. Results For carbohydrates Test Compounds Observation Inference Molisch’s test Starch Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Glucose Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Fructose Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Lactose Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Sucrose Presence of purple colour ring The compound is a carbohydrate Iodine test Starch Presence of blue-black complex The compound is a polysaccharide Glucose Absence of blue-black complex The compound is not a polysaccharide Fructose Absence of blue-black complex The compound is not a polysaccharide Lactose Absence of blue-black complex The compound is not a polysaccharide Sucrose Absence of blue-black complex The compound is not a polysaccharide Benadict’s test Starch Absence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a non- reducing sugar Glucose Presence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a reducing sugar Fructose Presence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a reducing sugar Lactose Presence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a reducing sugar Sucrose Absence of brick-red colour precipitate The compound is a non- reducing sugar Barfoerd’s test Starch Absence of red colour precipitate The compound is not a monosaccharide Glucose Presence of red colour precipitate The compound is a monosaccharide Fructose Presence of red colour precipitate The compound is a monosaccharide Lactose Absence of red colour precipitate The compound is not a monosaccharide Sucrose Absence of red colour precipitate The compound is not a monosaccharide Seliwanoff’s test Starch Absence of red colour complex The compound contains an aldehyde group Glucose Absence of red colour complex The compound contains an aldehyde group Fructose Presence of red colour complex The compound contains a ketone group Lactose Absence of red colour complex The compound contains an aldehyde group Sucrose Presence of red colour complex The compound contains a ketone group Tollen’s test Starch Absence of silver mirror The compound is a non- reducing sugar Glucose Presence of silver mirror The compound is a reducing sugar Fructose Presence of silver mirror The compound is a non- reducing sugar Lactose Presence of silver mirror The compound is a reducing sugar Sucrose Absence of silver mirror The compound is a non- reducing sugar For amino acids and protein Test Compounds Observation Inference Ninhydrin test Egg albumin Absence of purple colour complex The compound is not an amino acid Tryptophan Presence of purple colour complex The compound is an amino acid Tyrosin Presence of purple colour complex The compound is an amino acid Xanthoproteic test Egg albumin Absence of yellow colour complex The compound is a protein Tryptophan Presence of bright yellow colour complex The compound is an amino acid Tyrosin Presence of pale yellow colour complex The compound is an amino acid Millon’s test Egg albumin Absence of pink colour precipitate Tryptophan Absence of pink colour precipitate Presence of tyrosin Tyrosin Presence of pink colour precipitate Pauly’s test Egg albumin Absence of red azo dye Tryptophan Presence of red azo dye Presence of tryptophan/ tyrosin/ histodine Tyrosin Presence of red azo dye Figure 1: Molisch’s test: Figure 2: Iodine test: Figure 3: Iodine test: Presence of purple colour ring Presence of blue-black complex Absence of blue-black complex Figure 4: Benedict’s test: Figure 5: Benedict’s test: Figure 6: Barfoerd’s test: Absence of brick red ppt. Presence of brick red ppt. Absence of red ppt. Figure 7: Barfoerd’s test: Figure 8: Seliwanoff’s test: Figure 9: Tollen’s test   Presence of red ppt. Presence of red colour complex Presence of silver mirror Figure 10: Ninhydrin test: Figure 11: Xanthoproteic test: Figure 12: Millon’s test: Presence of purple colour complex Presence of yellow colour complex Presence of pink colour ppt. Figure 13: Pauly’s test: Presence of red azo dye Discussion The principles of each test: In molisch’s test, concentrated sulfuric acid is used to dehydrate the carbohydrates to form 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which reacts with the ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œnaphthol to give a purple result (Pavia, 2005, p.446). In iodine test, a blue colour is formed when the iodine is absorbed into the open spaces of amylose molecules in starch (Pavia, 2005. p.451). In benedict’s test, the sugar (reducing sugar) gets oxidized and reduces Cu2+ present in the reagent (Raymond, 2010, p.344). Barfoerd’s test is a test unique for monosaccharide, where cupric hydroxide is reduced in acidic medium to give red colour cuprous oxide (Nigam and Ayyagari, 2008, p.25). In seliwanoff’s test, the ketoses are dehydrated to form furfural derivatives which then condense with resorcinol to give a red colour complex (Nigam and Ayyagari, 2008, p.27). In tollen’s test, silver ammonium salt oxidizes the aldehyde to give glucuronide ammonium salt and metallic silver, which gives the silver mirror effect (Brito-Arias, 2007, p.5). In Ninhydrin test, free ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â€œamino acid radical reacts with ninhydrin to give a blue-violet complex (Malhotra, 2003, p.23). In xanthoproteic test, benzene ring is nitrated with nitric acid which produces a yellow compound (Sim et al., 2008, p.611). In Millon’s test, hydroxybenzene radical of phenolic amino acids (tyrosine) react with millon’s reagent to form a red colour complex (Nigam and Ayyagari, 2008, p.41). In pauly’s test, sulfanilic acid in the reagent gives a diazonium compound in the presence of nitrous acid and hydrochloric acid, which combines with amines and phenols to form coloured azo-compounds (Nigam and Ayyagari, 2008, p.41). Conclusion Macro molecules presence in the given samples was successfully identified by using the given chemical assays. References Bochkov, A.F., Zaikov, G.E. and Afanasiev, V.A (1991) Carbohydrates. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=BmPTDAnsUb0Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=carbohydrateshl=ensa=Xei=bXlKVavSGImTuAS7jYG4CQsqi=2ved=0CCMQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=carbohydratesf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Brito-Arias, M. (2007) Synthesis and Characterization of Glycosides. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=X9ZTg47alJkCpg=PA5dq=Tollens+testhl=ensa=Xei=2GhKVY3HOI2QuATD1YF4ved=0CDEQuwUwAw#v=onepageq=Tollens%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Jenkins, A.D, Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R.F.T. and Suter, U.W. (1996) `Glossary of basic terms in polymer science`, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 68(12), pp. 2287–2311, ISSN [Online]. Available at: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pac.1996.68.issue-12/pac199668122287/pac199668122287.xml (Accessed: 6 May 2015). Malhotra, V.K. (2003) Practical Biochemistry for Students. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=LHa1G131MuYCpg=PA23dq=Ninhydrin+testhl=ensa=Xei=GGxKVavVMMSSuATEsYDADwved=0CB4QuwUwAA#v=onepageq=Ninhydrin%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Nigam, A. and Ayyagari, A. (2008) Lab Manual in Biochemistry: Immunology and Biotechnology. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=Ws570Ql8krACpg=PA25dq=Barfoed%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=i19KVbD7EJWmuQT5joHADAved=0CCEQuwUwAA#v=onepageq=Barfoed%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Nigam and Ayyagari (2008) Lab Manual in Biochemistry: Immunology and Biotechnology. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=Ws570Ql8krACpg=PA27dq=Seliwanoff%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=pWhKVcjcDoyouwSMj4HYCAved=0CB4QuwUwAA#v=onepageq=Seliwanoff%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Nigam, A. and Ayyagari, A. (2008) Lab Manual in Biochemistry: Immunology and Biotechnology. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=Ws570Ql8krACpg=PA41dq=Millon%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=ymxKVeXJH9GKuATY6IGwDQved=0CCoQuwUwAg#v=onepageq=Millon%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Pavia, D.L. (2005) Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: A small scale approach. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=ega5c11VHvkCpg=PA446dq=Molisch%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=rF5KVa39HtHguQSrvIGwCQved=0CCUQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=Molisch%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Pavia, D.L. (2005) Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: A small scale approach. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=ega5c11VHvkCpg=PA451dq=Iodine+testhl=ensa=Xei=Dl9KVfTcHMuxuAT-roCIDgved=0CB4QuwUwAA#v=onepageq=Iodine%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Raymond, K.W. (2010) General Organic and Biological Chemistry. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=iIltMoHUtJUCpg=RA1-PA344dq=Benedict%E2%80%99s+testhl=ensa=Xei=NF9KVcvTOMmxuASL9YH4Cwved=0CCcQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=Benedict%E2%80%99s%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Sim, K.S., Chin, F.S., Tso, C.P. and Thong, L.W (2008) `Protein identification in latex gloves for bio-compatibility using maximum minimal variation test`, in Osman, N.A.A., Ibrahim, F., Abas, W.A.B.W., Rahman, H.S.A. and Ting, H.N. (ed.) 4th Kuala Lumpur International Conference on Biomedical Engineering 2008. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=sdG-1hN_4TYCpg=PA611dq=Xanthoproteic+testhl=ensa=Xei=gGxKVY3yA9CbuQSa74CwAwved=0CCMQuwUwAQ#v=onepageq=Xanthoproteic%20testf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). Walsh, G. (2004) Proteins: Biochemistry and Biotechnology. Google Books [Online]. Available at: https://books.google.lk/books?id=EXTEjL2wTnYCprintsec=frontcoverdq=proteinshl=ensa=Xei=M3pKVdGXJIfGuATTgoCQAQved=0CB4QuwUwAA#v=onepageq=proteinsf=false (Accessed: 7 May 2015). 1 | Page Chemical Tests for Biomolecules Chemical Tests for Biomolecules INTRODUCTION Biomolecules are complex organic molecules. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus are the atoms that make up most of the biomolecules. These molecules form the basic structure of a living cell. The compounds such as amino acids, nucleotides and monosaccharide’s serve as the building blocks of complex biomolecules. The important biomolecules are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, hormones and nucleic acids (Kimball, 2012). Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are substances which containing the elements carbon hydrogen and oxygen and they have the general formula of Cx (H2O) y. Simple carbohydrates or the entire carbohydrate family may also be called saccharides .They are the most abundant biomolecules belonging to class of organic compounds found in living organisms. The major source of metabolic energy for both animals and plants are carbohydrates (Churms, 1982). Carbohydrates link to with proteins forming glycoproteins and with lipids forming glycolipids. Moreover they are present in DNA and RNA, which are essentially polymers. More than 75% of the dry weight of the plant world is carbohydrate in nature mainly cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin (Reed, 2005). Carbohydrates are classified on the basis of their behavior on hydrolysis. They have been broadly divided into following three groups: Monosaccharide’s, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides. Monosaccharide A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give simpler unit of polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone is called a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are single sugars units and there general formula is (CH20) n. Moreover they are colorless, crystalline solids that are freely soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents. The backbone of monosaccharide is an unbranched carbon chain in which all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (GyoÃÅ'ˆrgydeaÃÅ' k and PelyvaÃÅ' s, 1998). One of the carbon atoms is double-bonded to an oxygen atom to form a carbonyl group each of the other carbon atoms has a hydroxyl group. If the carbonyl group is at an end of the carbon chain, the monosaccharide is an aldehyde and is called an aldose, furthermore if the carbonyl group is at any other position the monosaccharide is a ketone and is called ketoses. Glucose, fructose, galactose, and ribose are some examples of monosaccharide. The building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose an d polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch and hemicelluloses are monosaccharide (Ferrier, 1999). Figure 1.1.1 ring structure of monosaccharide molecules. https://www.google.lk/search Figure 1.1.2 monosaccharide molecule showing the aldehyde and ketone group http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/monosacchrides.html Disaccharides A Disaccharide is two monosaccharide units linked by an oxide linkage formed by the loss of a water molecule. Such a linkage between two monosaccharide units through oxygen atom is called glycoside linkage. Three most abundant disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. In Maltose ÃŽ ± (1→4) glycosidic linkage joins two glucose units, this occurs mainly as a breakdown product during digestion of starch by enzymes called amylases (Owusu-Apenten, 2005). Sucrose is the most abundant disaccharide in nature and it’s mostly found in plants which acts a good transport sugar since it is very soluble and can move in very high concentration. In Sucrose the anomeric carbon atoms of a glucose unit and fructose unit are joined. Moreover lactose the disaccharide of milk consists of galactose joined to glucose by ÃŽ ² (1→4) glycosidic linkage (Denniston, Topping and Caret, 2004). In additionally Sucrose and lactose are heterosaccharides and maltose is homosaccharides as we ll as maltose and lactose are reducing sugars. Sucrose is the only common non reducing sugar. Figure 1.3.1 disaccharides are formed by condensation of two monosaccharide. https://www.google.lk/search?q=disaccharideses_sm=122source Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide joined together by glycosidic bond. They are large, often branched, macromolecules. Their large sizes make them more or less insoluble in water and have no sweet taste (Aspinall, 1982). When all the monosaccharide in a polysaccharide is of the same type, the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide and when more than one type of monosaccharide is present, they are called heteropolysaccharides. Polysaccharides have a general formula Cn (H2O) n-1 where n can be any number between 200 and 2500. Starch glycogen and cellulose are the examples of polysaccharides (Tombs and Harding, 1998). Figure 1.4.1 ring structure of polysaccharides molecules. https://www.google.lk/search?q=polysaccahrideses_sm=122source=lnmstbm=ischsa Proteins Cells are made of protein. Proteins are the most versatile class of molecules in living organisms. All proteins contain C, H, N, O some S, P, Fe, Zn, Cu. Proteins contains 20 different amino acids which are encoded by the genetic code and which constitute the building blocks of the proteins in all living organisms (Walsh, 2002). Each protein species contains one or several polypeptide chains of defined amino acid sequence. Their functions are catalysis, transport, hormones and structure. Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group carboxylic acid group and a side chain. Simple proteins contain only polypeptide chains Proteins can be soluble (globular proteins) and insoluble (myosin, fibrinogen) (Whitford, 2005). Figure 1.5.1 classification of proteins and there structures. https://www.google.lk/search?q=protein structurerevid=120848340tbm OBJECTIVES To distinguish between monosaccharide’s and disaccharides. To differentiate between different types of amino acids. To identify an unknown sample of carbohydrate and amino acid. MATERIALS Albumin solution Arginine solution Barfoed reagent Beakers Benedict’s solution Bunsen burner Burner stand Concentrated sulphuric acid Concentrated nitric acid Copper sulphate Fructose solution Glucose solution Glysin solution Iodine solution Lactose solution Molisch’s reagent Ninhydrin solution Pipettes Seliwanoff’s reagent Sodium hydroxide Starch Sucrose solution Test tubes Tyrosine solution Unknown solutions Water bath TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES METHODOLOGY Molisch’s Test Five test tubes were taken with 1ml of carbohydrate solutions. Few drops of Molisch’s reagent were added to the testubes following with concen.sulphuric acid down the slide of the test tube. The colour change was observed. Iodine test Three drops of Iodine solution was added to each test tube with 1ml of each of the carbohydrate solutions. The colour change was observed. Benedict’s test 1ml of each carbohydrate solutions was taken in five test tubes.5ml of Benedict’s reagent was added to all three test tubes. All five test tubes were placed in a water bath and heated for two minutes. The colour change was observed. Barfoed test 5ml of Barfoed reagent was added with 1 ml of carbohydrate solutions. Test tubes were placed in water bath and heated for five minutes. The colour change was observed. Seliwanoff test 1ml of each carbohydrate solution was added to the test tubes following with 4ml of Seliwanoff reagent. The test tubes were placed in the water bath and heated to two to three minutes. The colour change was observed. Two unknown samples were taken in a test tubes and labeled A and B. Sample A was added to two test tubes. To the sample A the Iodine reagent was added and the colour change was observed. The Benedict’s reagent was added to the sample A of another test tube and was heated in general flame for two minutes and the colour change was observed. The sample B was added to four test tubes. One drop of Iodine reagent was added to the sample B test tube and colour change was observed following with Benedict’s reagent, Barfoed reagent and the Seliwanoff reagent were added to the remaining test tubes with sample B and was heated in the water bath for three minutes and the colour change was observed. TEST FOR AMINO ACID METHODOLOGY Ninhydrin test 1ml of Ninhydrin solution was added into 0.5 ml of 0.02 % amino acid solution in four test tubes. The test tubes were placed in water bath and heated for three to four minutes. The colour change was observed. Xanthoproteic Test 2ml of conc. Nitric acid was added to 2ml of 0.02% amino acid solution in four test tubes. The test tubes were placed in water bath for two minutes and the colour change was observed. Millon’s Test Four drops of Millon’s reagent was added into 2ml of 0.02% of amino acid solution in four test tubes. The test tubes were placed in water bath for four minutes and the colour change was observed. Biurete Test 3ml of 10% of sodium hydroxide was added drop wise to 1% of copper sulphate. The colour change was observed. Two unknown samples were taken in test tubes and labeled C and D. Sample C was added into two test tubes. To the sample C the Biurete reagent was added and the colour change was observed. The Millon’s reagent was added to the sample C of another test tube and was heated in general flame for two minutes and the colour change was observed. The sample D was also added into two test tubes. Biurete reagent was added to the sample B test tube and colour change was observed. Besides Millon’s reagent were added to the remaining test tube with sample B and was heated in the water bath for three minutes and the colour change was observed. RESULTS Test for carbohydrates Test for amino acids DISCUSSION In Molisch’s test all the carbohydrate solution gave a positive result, so as it’s a general test to confirm the molecule is carbohydrate. Iodine test is performed to separate the polysaccharide from monosaccharide and disaccharide as a result in this test only starch gave a positive result since its unbranched molecule. Glucose has a free aldehyde group and fructose has a free ketone group. Thus they react with Benedicts reagent and reduce it to form a reddish orange colour, which is a positive indication of Benedicts reaction .The copper (II) ions in the Benedicts solution are reduced to Copper (I) ions, which causes the colour change. Complex carbohydrates such as starches do not react positive with the Benedicts test. Buiret solution is a blue liquid that changes to purple when proteins are present and to pink in the presence of short chains of polypeptides. The cause of this colour change is because of the copper atom of the Biuret solution reacts with the peptide bonds. Avoid spilling Ninhydrin solutions on your skin, as the resulting stains are difficult to remove. When handling with Concentrated Sulphuric acid wear safety garments to avoid Sulphuric acid getting on self. Do not over heat the amino solutions in water bath since all the proteins may denature moreover colour change cannot be observed. CONCLUSION The unknown solution A is sucrose and it’s a non reducing sugar since in Iodine and Benedict’s test it showed a negative result where there was no colour change in addition to unknown solution B is glucose which is a reducing sugar because in Iodine and Seliwanoff test it gave a negative result remaining colourless and in Benedict’s and Barfoed test it gave a positive result changing its colour from green precipitate to reddish colour solution concluding solution B is glucose. The unknown solution C is protein since positive result was obtained and the solution turned pink in Biurete and Millon’s reagent along with the solution D is an amino acid because it remained colourless in Millon’s test and turned light blue in Biurete test resulting both in negative. References Aspinall, G. (1982). The Polysaccharides. 1st ed. New York: Academic Press. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Churms, S. (1982). Carbohydrates. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Denniston, K., Topping, J. and Caret, R. (2004). General, organic, and biochemistry. 1st ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Ferrier, R. (1999). Carbohydrate chemistry. 1st ed. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). GyoÃÅ'ˆrgydeaÃÅ' k, Z. and PelyvaÃÅ' s, I. (1998). Monosaccharide sugars. 1st ed. San Diego: Academic Press. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Kimball, L. (2012). Biomolecules. 1st ed. Delhi: Research World. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Owusu-Apenten, R. (2005). Introduction to food chemistry. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 4th July 2014). Reed, D. (2005). Biomolecular archaeology. 1st ed. Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 3rd July 2014). Tombs, M. and Harding, S. (1998). An introduction to polysaccharide biotechnology. 1st ed. London: Taylor Francis. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 4th july2014). Walsh, G. (2002). Proteins. 1st ed. Chichester: J. Wiley. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 6th July 2014). Whitford, D. (2005). Proteins. 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley Sons. Google books [Online books] Available at: http://books.google.lk (Accessed: 6th July 2014).